Thallus
Fruticose, up to 8 cm long, forming cylindrical strips covered with small papillae or tubercules. The determination to the species level requires the use of chemical reagents, microscopic examination, or even molecular analysis.
Color
Greenish, except the base of the main branches black to light brown
Reproduction
Apothecia: sometimes present, terminal, white disc, margin lined with radiating cilia
Soralia: sometimes present in some species
Isidia: sometimes present in some species
Substrate
On bark or branch
Habitat
Acidophilous and heliophilous
Sensitivity to air pollution
Very sensitive to nitrogen pollution