Thallus
Crustose, up to 10 cm in diameter, thick, covered with globose warts (1–2 mm in diameter) containing apothecia
Color
Gray to greenish-grey, thallus edges usually lighter
Reproduction
Apothecia: numerous, covering most of the thallus, black, located on top of small warts resembling tooth decay
Soralia: absence
Isidia: absence
Substrate
On bark, rock, or artificial substrate
Habitat
Species with a wide ecological range
Sensitivity to air pollution
Moderately sensitive to pollution